




L’introduzione dei test sierologici e il loro utilizzo esteso ha determinato un incremento della diagnosi di celiachia, soprattutto in soggetti asintomatici o senza sintomatologia gastrointestinale conclamata e un innalzamento dell’età media di diagnosi.
Obiettivo di questo studio descrittivo è quello di verificare se l’età e la sintomatologia clinica al momento della diagnosi di celiachia siano cambiate dopo l’introduzione e l’utilizzo esteso dei test sierologici. Si tratta di una revisione di dati raccolti prospetticamente in 21 anni (1983-2004) in un centro regionale del Galles rispetto alle modalità di presentazione della celiachia in bambini di età 0-16 anni. La diagnosi è stata effettuata tramite biopsia intestinale secondo i criteri elaborati dalla Società Europea di Gastroenterologia. I bambini con diagnosi di celiachia sono stati suddivisi in tre gruppi in base alla data della diagnosi e ai test utilizzati per la diagnosi stessa:
1. dal 1983 al 1989 nessun test sierologico (gruppo 1);
2. dal 1990 al 1998 AGA e occasionalmente anticorpi antiendomisio e antireticolina (gruppo 2);
3. dal 1999 al 2004 dosaggio degli anticorpi antitranglutaminasi (gruppo 3).
Le caratteristiche di presentazione della malattia negli ultimi 5 anni dello studio (gruppo 3) sono state confrontate con quelle dei precedenti 16 anni. Nei 21 anni dello studio sono stati diagnosticati 86 casi: 11 nel gruppo 1, con età media di 4,5 anni e presenza di sintomi gastrointestinali nell’88%; 25 nel gruppo 2, con età media di 7,5 anni e sintomi gastrointestinali nel 75%; 50 nel gruppo 3, con età media di 8 anni e sintomi gastrointestinali nel 42%. I bambini diagnosticati negli ultimi 5 anni con sintomi gastrointestinali avevano un’età media di 4,5 anni. In questo ultimo gruppo ben un quarto dei casi riguardava bambini sottoposti a screening in quanto appartenenti a categorie ad alto rischio di malattia (ad esempio: parenti di 1° grado di celiaci, presenza di diabete di tipo 1° o sindrome di Down o malattie autoimmunitarie della tiroide o del fegato). I dati evidenziano che l’introduzione dei test sierologici e il loro utilizzo esteso ha determinato un incremento della diagnosi di celiachia, soprattutto in soggetti asintomatici o senza sintomatologia gastrointestinale conclamata (talvolta con sintomi minori quali dolori addominali ricorrenti, stipsi, ulcere buccali ricorrenti), e un innalzamento dell’età media di diagnosi. Tuttavia molti casi restano ancora non diagnosticati. La frequenza di diagnosi effettuata negli ultimi cinque anni dello studio (0,25 per 1000) è infatti ben lontana da quella osservata in alcuni recenti studi in cui la prevalenza della celiachia si attesta fra 1/85 e 1/230. Abbiamo segnalato lo studio in quanto mette in evidenza le tre condizioni in cui la diagnosi di celiachia dovrebbe essere sospettata:
• bambini con sintomi gastrointestinali (diarrea, perdita peso, distensione addominale);
• bambini con manifestazioni non gastrointestinali suggestive della malattia (dermatite herpetiforme, riduzione della densità ossea, ipoplasia dello smalto dentale, bassa statura, pubertà ritardata, anemia sideropenica non responsiva alla somministrazione di ferro, infertilità);
• bambini asintomatici ma ad alto rischio di celiachia per: parenti di 1° grado con celiachia, presenza di diabete tipo 1, sindrome di Down, sindrome di Turner, sindrome di William, malattie autoimmunitarie della tiroide o del fegato.
In tutte queste condizioni è giustificato sottoporre i bambini ai test sierologici e ad eventuale biopsia (ma per il gruppo asintomatico ad alto rischio non c’è ancora un consensus su età di inizio e frequenza di screening). Pur considerando tutte queste situazioni, la prevalenza della celiachia rimane lontana da quella rilevata in altri studi recentemente pubblicati. Fino a quando non saremo in grado di conoscere la storia naturale dei soggetti celiaci asintomatici finora rimasti non diagnosticati non potremo dirimere i dubbi e le controversie relative a un eventuale screening di massa. L’attenzione alle condizioni sopraelencate rimane quindi per il momento l’atteggiamento maggiormente condiviso per migliorare la capacità di diagnosi della celiachia. Per altre considerazioni su questa condizione si veda anche l’editoriale che accompagna il lavoro.
Referenze
1) Arch Dis Child 2006;91:969-971
2) Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 955-956
tratto da: Newsletter pediatrica.
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